Herman Handler Moved Between 1930 and 1940

Previous posts about Herman Handler:

Herman Handler ~ Naturalization Record
Herman Handler ~ Birth Record
Herman Handler ~ Passenger List
Herman Handler ~ Marriages and Divorces 
Herman Handler ~ Draft Card WWI 
Herman Handler ~ Census Records, 1910 and 1920

There were big changes in this family between 1930 and 1940 and the U.S. Census records reflect the changes, as well a few similarities, helping to confirm that I have the same family.

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By 1930, Herman Handler's family had moved again, to 629 Minerva Place in Akron.

1930 U.S. census, Summit County, Ohio, population schedule, Akron, enumeration district (ED) 77-60, sheet 11B, dwelling 155, family 176, Herman Handler; image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com : accessed 20 November 2018); citing NARA microfilm publication T626, roll 1876.

Herman Handler, age 48, rented this property for $40 a month. His wife, Sarah was 41 and they had been married about 20 years. The entries for place of birth for him and his parents had Croatia crossed off and Austria written in, though at that time the area he was from was in the country of Yugoslavia (see Mappy Monday ~ Where the Handlers Were From). Wife Sarah was from Galicia - Austria. His original language was German and hers Polish, but I wonder if their original language was perhaps Hebrew. Herman reported immigrating in 1904 and Sarah in 1906 and they were both naturalized citizens. He worked as the proprietor of a produce company.

The family also happened to have a radio in the house.

Children, Arthur, Irwin, Milton, and Shirley were born in the U.S.: Arthur in Michigan (in about 1909-1910) and the younger three in Ohio. The younger two were in school. Arthur worked as a Manager in a dry goods store and Irwin worked as a clerk in a restaurant.

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At first, I had trouble finding the family in 1940, but remembering that Sarah divorced Herman in 1931, I determined that yes, Herman Handler living at 3326 East Street in Hallidays Cove, West Virginia, was the same man who was in Akron, Ohio, in 1930.

Herman Handler - Census Records, 1910 and 1920

Previous posts about Herman Handler:

Herman Handler ~ Naturalization Record
Herman Handler ~ Birth Record
Herman Handler ~ Passenger List
Herman Handler ~ Marriages and Divorces 
Herman Handler ~ Draft Card WWI

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At first I couldn't find Herman Handler in the 1910 U.S. Census. He was easy to find in the 1920 census with wife and children, so I did some creative searching in 1910 and found his young family in Detroit, Michigan. It's no wonder I couldn't find Herman Handler; for some unknown reason, he was enumerated as Wilbur Handler.

1910 U.S. census, Wayne County, Michigan, population schedule, Detroit Ward 10, enumeration district (ED) 155, sheet 12B, dwelling 253, family 279, Wilbur [sic] Handler; image, Ancestry.com (https://www.ancestry.com: accessed 30 August 2018); citing NARA microfilm publication T624, roll 684.

Although the head of this household was "Wilbur," everything else matches the expected information for Herman Handler. He was 27 years old (implying a birth year of about 1882-1883) and born in "Hun. Magyar" (Magyar is another term for ethnic Hungarian), as were both his parents. He immigrated in 1903, had his papers (the first step to becoming naturalized), and was able to speak English. He worked as a Presser in the clothing industry, working for himself. He had not been out of work for the entire previous year. He could read and write and he rented his home at 1031 Fourteenth Avenue, which appears to have eight apartments in it, based on what is seen on the full census page.

Wife, Sarah, was 20 years old (implying a birth year of about 1889-1890) and born in "Aust. German" as were both her parents. "Aust" would refer to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire which, before World War I, covered a large area of Europe. Sarah and Wilbur / Herman were in their first marriage (M1) and she had one child who was living. She immigrated in 1905 and spoke English. Note that as a woman, she didn't have any notation by her name for citizenship because her citizenship status derived from her husband's status.

They had one child, a "daughter" named Arthur. Note that all subsequent records reported Arthur as a male so this one instance where he is listed as a daughter is an anomaly. Arthur was listed with an age of 4/12, which suggests a birth date in December 1909. The birthplace was Michigan, implying that soon after Herman and Sarah married in Akron in February 1909, they moved to Michigan.

This is not the Arthur (born January 1910) who was the oldest son of Joseph and Lena Handler of Akron, nor was he Arthur (born January 1912), son of Sam and Sadie Handler of Cleveland.

Herman Handler ~ Draft Card WWI

The World War I Draft Card for Herman Handler confirms some information that I have previously found for him and adds to that information.

"World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918," digital image, Ancestry (https://www.ancestry.com : accessed 12 November 2018), Herman Handler, serial no. 3604, order no. A7187, Draft Board 5, Summit County, Ohio;
citing World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918, NARA microfilm publication M1509; Family History Library Roll No. 1819623.

Herman Handler lived at 107 S. Portage Path, Akron, Ohio. He was 36 years old, born 10 February 1882 and is a naturalized citizen. His occupation is Saloon Business and he lists "none" for employer's name, suggesting he was the owner of a saloon, which was located at 1223 Sweitzer Ave., Akron. Herman's nearest relative was Sarah Handler at 107 S. Portage Path, Akron. The description of Herman notes that he was tall, with blue eyes and dark hair.

Herman's draft registration was part of the third registration, in September 1918, just a couple of months before the war ended.

Out of curiosity, I looked back at Joe Handler's World War I Draft Card. (He also lived in Akron at this time.)

Herman Handler - Marriages and Divorces

This is a continuation of posts about an immigrant Handler relative and I will ultimately provide analysis of the evidence to show how he is related to my husband's family.

Herman Handler married twice in America and his marriage records provide additional information about who he was.

FamilySearch has wonderful records for Ohio. The Ohio, County Marriages, 1789-2013 collection includes records from the early 20th century, four marriage records on a page:

     Cuyahoga County Marriage records 1908-1909 vol. 72, p. 35, application number 61140, record for Herman Handler and Sarah Dick, 24 February 1909; digital image, “Ohio, County Marriages, 1789-2013,” FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org : accessed 25 September 2018).

A closeup of the record for Herman Handler and wife Sarah Dick reports that the license was issued on 20 February 1909 and that they were married on the 24th.

Herman Handler, age 27, residing in Detroit, Michigan, married 19-year-old Sarah Dick of Cleveland. He worked as a Presser and she as a Dressmaker, both in the clothing manufacturing industry. Sarah Dick was the one who applied for the license and she appeared to know the name of Herman's father: Philip Handler, but not his mother's name.

A little more than twenty years later, they divorced. A notice of the divorce was found in the Akron Beacon Journal, a newspaper found on Newspapers.com.

Herman Handler - Passenger List

Herman Handler's Naturalization Papers reported that he arrived in New York on the Vatterland. Ancestry happens to have images of some of the early 20th century passenger ships.

Image of S.S. Vaderland, Passenger Ships and Images, Ancestry (www.ancestry.com : viewed 30 August 2018);
Original data: Various maritime reference sources.

What can a passenger list tell you? Quite a bit. Herman managed to travel to Antwerp, Belgium, to depart on December 28, 1903, and he arrived in New York City on January 8, 1904, just as his naturalization papers reported.

Herman Handler is on line 19 of the following passenger manifest.

New York, Passenger and Crew Lists (including Castle Garden and Ellis Island), 1820-1957 (Provo, UT, USA, Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010), Ancestry.com, Year: 1904; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715, 1897-1957; Microfilm Roll: Roll 0425; Line: 19; Page Number: 52. Record for Hermann Håndler.

Herman Handler - Birth Record

JewishGen's Hungary Database is a treasure, despite there not being digitized original source images available. These indexed birth records from the Historical archive Srem in Serbia have helped tremendously with piecing together the Handler family ancestors.

Following are search results after searching for Herman Handler and Erdevik:

There were two Herman Handlers who had their births registered in Erdevik during this period. Herman Handler, son of Filip [Philip] Handler and Jetti Hubert (born in Erdevik) and Herman Handler, son of Adolf Handler and Katrina -- [Fuchs] (born in Ljuba).

Herman Handler - Is He Related? [Naturalization Record]

Last week, I shared an updated version of Surname Saturday for the Handler ancestral line.

In addition to the three siblings in my husband's grandfather's generation, Joseph, Sam, and Regina, there were additional Handler relatives who immigrated to America and I'm slowly working on connecting them to my husband's family.

Many years ago, I found records for Herman Handler, who was born in Erdevik, Hungary, according to his naturalization record. How is he related to my husband? I will share documents over several blog posts which will ultimately show his relationship to my husband's father's family.

Herman Handler petition for naturalization (1912), naturalization file no. 284, U.S. District Court, Summit County, Ohio; digital image, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1987615 : viewed 30 August 2018).

Surname Saturday ~ Handler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Surname Saturday is a daily blogging prompt from GeneaBloggers TRIBE, the genealogy community’s resource for blogging. I have used this prompt in the past to review the ancestral lines for my husband's family.

I wrote a Surname Saturday ~ Handler of Yugoslavia and Ohio three years ago and have discovered some more information so I thought I would update the post.

The earliest Handler whose name I know is Leopold Handler. He resided in Bonyhad, Tolna, Hungary, in the 1820s, when his sons were born. He had at least two sons with wife Juli Singer: Herman, born in 1820 and Aron, born later in the 1820s. (There are no records available that go back that far to confirm that those births; this information is inferred from later records and Aron's records don't agree on a birth year.) Leopold's name appears on the 1882 marriage record of Aron Handler and Sali Handler.

In 1849, both Herman and Aron named their oldest sons Leopold, which is a tradition in Ashkenazi Jewish families: to name a child for a recently deceased relative. This strongly suggests that Leopold died in 1848 or very early 1849. The image below, from the Srem, Serbia Historical Archive, shows the birth of Leopold Handler on March 15, 1849, and his cousin, Leopold Handler, born September 14, 1849.

Herman named a daughter Juli in February 1861 and Aron named a daughter Juli in October 1860, suggesting that their mother had died before October 1860.

Sali Handler's Birth Record

As I noted in a previous post about Regina Handler, I have several images of records from Erdevik, Serbia, and Ilok, Croatia. These communities were both part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries and part of Yugoslavia for a good part of the 20th century - see Mappy Monday for details.

The following record is a collection of Jewish births from the Ilok, Croatia, Office of the Registrar (according to the Hungarian Databases at JewishGen).

There are five Handler births listed on this birth register and they "belong" to two different, yet related, families. This record is not an original source since the births are recorded in order by family; they must have been copied from other records. The births range in date from March 1849 to November 1854, but this is likely the closest I'm going to get to determining birth information for these relatives of my husband.

Mappy Monday ~ Where the Handlers Were From

Because I am sharing images of vital records for my husband's Handler family, I thought I should refresh my memory (and that of my readers) as to the area that the family lived in.

Surname Saturday ~ Handler Family of Yugoslavia is where I shared the following series of maps showing the border changes.

Macrohistory: Worldhistory is where I found a changing map of Europe from WWI to 2000. I took screen shots and showed where Ilok is situated: at the point of the arrow in each map.

1914: Ilok was in Hungary (Austro-Hungarian Empire)

1919-1938: Ilok was in Yugoslavia

1956: Ilok was still in Yugoslavia

2000: Ilok is now in Croatia, just north of the Serbian border.

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Resi Handler's Birth Record

Acquiring records and images is fun. Crafting an accurate citation, entering the information into Family Tree Maker, and analyzing the evidence sometimes gets put off way too long.

I have several images of records from the border area of Ilok, Croatia, and Ljuba, Serbia, where the Handlers lived for a good part of the 19th century and early 20th century and I have only shared a few:

Josef Handler's 1884 birth record is at Use JewishGen Family Finder.
Adolf (Aron) Handler's 1900 death record is at Adolf Handler's Death Record.
Adolf's and Sali's 1882 marriage record is at Wedding Wednesday ~ Adolf Handler and Sali Handler, 1882.

I will be sharing additional record images that I received from the researcher in Serbia who is indexing these records for JewishGen's Hungary Database. This database is growing! There are now records from the office of the registrar in Ilok, Croatia, in addition to those from Erdevik, Serbia.

Two and a half years ago, when I shared the transcriptions or index of birth records for my husband's grandfather, Josef Handler, I only saw transcriptions for Rose (Rosi, born 1883), Joseph (Josef, born 1884), and Sam (Salomon, born 1887). I wondered why their younger sister, Regina, born in 1891, didn't appear. The suggestions in the comments were great, but it turned out that her birth was recorded in Ilok, not in Erdevik, and it doesn't appear in the JewishGen Hungarian Database, but I found it in one of the digital images that was sent to me.

Happy 7th Blogiversary to A Jewish Genealogy Journey

I started this blog seven (!) years ago to share stories of my husband's family and to share the research strategies I have used to discover these ancestors, cousins, and their stories.

I took a brief hiatus from blogging last summer when I spent 15 weeks obtaining my certificate in Genealogical Research from Boston University. And this week, I officially begin my participation in the next session of the ProGen Study Group. I'm excited for this new educational opportunity but will keep blogging, as ProGen is not quite as time consuming as the B.U. course.

Some favorite blog posts of mine from this past year include a series of posts about connecting with a genetic relative:

Analyzing a DNA Match
Analyzing a DNA Match - Who is the Common Ancestor
Wordless Wednesday ~ Half-Sisters and Half-Cousins

I keep hoping to connect with more DNA cousins, but it's a challenge when the shared DNA is a small amount. I recently created a DNA Toolbox on this blog, which is as much for my reference as it is for my readers!

Thank you for continuing to read my blog even though the posts are infrequent.

DNA Toolbox

I've been interested in DNA testing and analysis for several years (and for many genealogists, it takes several years to really understand how to use DNA).

At the top of my blog, I have added the tab called DNA Resources. Last year, I added a DNA Toolbox to my other blog, From Maine to Kentucky, and I thought that a DNA Toolbox would be helpful for me and my readers at this blog. Many of the resources are the same: links to my favorite genetic genealogy blogs and links to some online video resources, but, of course, on this blog, I include links to all the posts I have written about DNA in my research on my husband's family, as well as links to a couple of blogs that include posts about genetic genealogy with a Jewish focus.

I will add to this toolbox in the future when I find new resources for DNA.

If you have a great online resource for DNA, especially with regards to Jewish genetic genealogy, let me know and I will add it.

Remember, once your results are in (from whatever test you have taken), please upload them to GEDmatch.com, where you can take advantage of other DNA analysis tools and find cousins who have tested at other DNA companies.

(Almost) Wordless Wednesday ~ Unknown Child

This photograph came to me from my mother-in-law. She thinks it might be one of her mother's Litwin cousins. There is nothing written on the back. I love the bell being used as a prop to keep the child occupied during the photography session!

Could this be a child of Samuel Litwin and Sophie (Levitas) Litwin of Newark, New Jersey? Their children were David Litwin (b. May 1896), Moses Litwin (b. 1907), and Jeanette Litwin (b. 1910).

I have written about the Litwins at:
Sunday's Obituary ~ Samuel Litwin, 1935
Workday Wednesday ~ Assemblyman David Litwin

M. Olesky, the mark of the photographer, is likely Morris Olesky, found in the 1900 and 1910 U.S. Federal Census with occupation of photographer, but not found in the Newark, New Jersey, city directories for this period of time. Too bad the lower right hand corner has broken off; I wonder if there was additional information there.

If you know who this child is or if you descend from Samuel and Sophie Litwin of Newark, New Jersey, please contact me at elizhandler -at- gmail.com.

DNA Matching at FamilyTreeDNA

I received an email from FamilyTreeDNA last week notifying me of changes that they are offering in their Account Settings. I manage several different kits there and thought I'd take a look at what my settings are.

I did this for all of my accounts on Friday. It's a good idea to review your privacy settings for your online accounts every so often (especially for social media accounts).

At FamilyTreeDNA, under Privacy & Sharing, the first section is "Matching Preferences," where you choose what level of matches you want to see. What you choose here also affects who will be able to see and compare their results with yours.

In the screenshot below, I have added the rest of the sentence that is covered by the informational "balloon."

The choices are:

For my son, I guess I had selected Close & Immediate. What happened is that when I logged in yesterday, I found that he had fewer matches than I expected due to the change I made.

Out of curiosity, I explored what his number of matches would be under each setting.

Level of Sharing	Total Matches	Paternal	Maternal	Both
Immediate Only	9	3	5	1
Close & Immediate	12	4	7	1
Distant, Close & Immediate	1,116	889	195	1
All Levels	9,264	4,773	898	3

My comments and observations:

• Paternal and Maternal matches appear for my son because I have set up a small family tree for him, linking my husband and me to him. FTDNA uses this information to "phase" the tester's results so they can see if a match comes from their father's or their mother's DNA.
• The 1 "Both" match at the first three levels is his brother, who is also linked to him in his tree.
• There are many more paternal matches than maternal matches because my husband is Ashkenazic Jewish (endogamy) and I have British Isles and Western European ancestry. (Colonial New England ancestry has some endogamy but not as much as Ashkenazic Jewish.)
• "All Levels" includes "Speculative" matches. There are enough matches at the Distant, Close & Immediate level of sharing for me to look through (though I doubt I'll ever get to match number 1,116) that I don't need people who match my son as a speculative match to be thinking we can find a common ancestor easily.

I certainly want to find matches, but I don't know as I need to be exploring a possible relationship with a speculative match to my son, especially through my husband, for whom I can only go back a few generations. I will note that for my husband's Family Finder matching settings, at All Levels, he has 14,731 matches, but at Distant, Close & Immediate, he has only 2,522 matches.

I wrote a blog post explaining endogamy at Jewish DNA and Endogamy ~ One Example back in March 2017, when my husband had "only" 9,902 matches.

Segal Family in the New Jersey, State Census, 1905

As I was writing about the Segal / Siegel / Seigle family in New Jersey, I realized that I had never looked for Simche Segal's family in the 1905 state census for New Jersey. State censuses were taken in New Jersey every ten years from 1855 to 1915, and Ancestry recently made more of these records available. Most are also available on FamilySearch.org (a free website). This is great for finding families who may have moved between the federal censuses taken every ten years in years ending in 0.

In 1895 (see Census Searching) and in 1900 (see More on Simche Segal Family), the family was in Dennis, Cape May County, New Jersey. In 1903, the Borough of Woodbine was incorporated, so the 1905 New Jersey State Census shows that the family lived in Woodbine.

I recently spent some time exploring the 1905 New Jersey state census in Woodbine for my husband's relatives. (These records can be found at both FamilySearch and at Ancestry, though Ancestry had mis-indexed the county for Woodbine - it's Cape May, which was totally missing, not Camden. Yes, I reported this error to Ancestry.)

1905 New Jersey State Census, Cape May County, population schedule, Borough of Woodbine, p. 3B, dwelling 40, family 53, Sam Segal; digital images, FamilySearch.org (https:www.familysearch.org : accessed 10 February 2018).

I don't know if it was due to a language barrier, but I found many discrepancies between what the 1905 census reported for ages (and some names) and other records.

(Almost) Wordless Wednesday ~ Half-Sisters and Half-Cousins

As I shared yesterday, I determined the relationship of my husband's newest DNA match and asked her if there were any photographs of ancestors that could be shared here.

Here is the tree I shared yesterday, showing the relationships:


Here are photographs of (on the left) Golda (Segal) Levitt, likely from the early 1950s and (on the right) her younger half-sister, Lena (Segal) Dlugatch in 1983:


And the next generation: on the left is the daughter of Golda, Rose (Levitt) Goldstein, in 1978. On the right are daughters of Lena, Molly and Sylvia, in 1980.


Maybe it needs a little bit of imagination, due to the age and quality of the photographs, but I think these ladies all look related.

Thank you to my husband's third cousin, H.K. and her father for sharing photographs from Lena (Segal) Dlugatch's side of the family.

Analyzing a DNA Match ~ Who is the Common Ancestor

Once I decided that I should be able to determine the common ancestor (also known as the MRCA: Most Recent Common Ancestor) of my husband and Mr. K. (see previous post: Analyzing a DNA Match), I clicked on the envelope icon next to the name of the match and sent an email. In the email I noted that she and my husband had a match in common with the surname Seigle, and I provided my husband's Segal ancestry (which can be seen at Surname Saturday ~ Segal of Ukraine and New Jersey).

H.K. initially replied to my email noting that she had relatives in Wildwood (New Jersey, where Simche Segal died) and a few days later, she emailed again, while at a family barbecue, and was able to tell me that Lena Segal was her great grandmother on her father's side. She also mentioned her grandmother's maiden name as Sylvia Dlugatch.

I then replied to H.K. the following:

Aha! This confirms a theory that I had worked on a couple of years ago. Lena Segal was the daughter of Simche Segal and his second wife, Rebecca (Blume) Katz. It appears that you and my husband are third cousins and your father and my mother-in-law are second cousins.

I find that a family tree diagram helps place distant family members' relationships.

My theory came from finding Lena (Segal) Dlugatch enumerated twice in the 1910 U.S. Census, which confused me and made me unsure if I had the right person.

Analyzing a DNA Match

Last August, an new, unknown DNA match appeared on my husband's AND my mother-in-law's FamilyTreeDNA results with enough shared DNA that I thought I should be able to figure out the relationship.

For the screenshots below, I am narrowed down the results by searching on their common surname (which I am keeping private).

My husband's results:

His mother's results:

This results page shows that they both share a good bit of DNA (shared Centimorgans and Longest Block) with Mr. K and his daughter H.K.

Mr. K and his daughter, H.K. both share a little bit more total DNA with my husband than with his mother. Note that this is endogamy at work: shared Jewish DNA. I find that looking at the longest block (largest DNA segment) is a better way to confirm a relationship; with a longest block of 38 cM or more, that will not be due to endogamy and I should be able to make a good effort at finding the relationship.

Mystery Monday ~ Max and Gussie Levitt's First Child

Way back in the early days of this blog, I shared census records for my husband's great-grandparents, Max Levitt and Golda Segal in Woodbine, New Jersey. (See Mystery Monday ~ Levitts in Woodbine.)

Specifically, in the 1900 U. S. Federal Census for Dennis Township, Cape May County, New Jersey, I found the family of Max Levitt.

1900 U.S. Federal Census, Dennis Township, Cape May County, New Jersey; Roll: T623_960; Page: 18B;
Enumeration District: 113. Record for Max Levitt.

Max Levitt is listed as born in August 1868 in Australia (should be 1857-58 in Austria) and has been married for three years to wife, Rebecca (should be Gussie), who, in this census, was reportedly born in Russia in May 1877. (Her passenger list reports a birth year of 1869.)

The children living with them were Minnie (age 12), Rebecca (age 11), Davis (age 10), and Daniel (age 1, b. Dec 1898). The census indicates that the wife had given birth to one child, who was still living. It is logical that the wife's one child is Daniel and that the three older children were Max's from an earlier marriage.

My mother-in-law doesn't recognize Minnie or Daniel as siblings or half-siblings of her mother, Rose (not born until 1902), but perhaps Daniel died as an infant, so even Rose may not have known about him. (Minnie is still a mystery.) As I have shared previously, in the 1910 census, the family reports that Gussie had given birth to four children, and all four were living, so that makes one-year-old Daniel in the 1900 census even more mysterious.

Since George, the known oldest brother in the family, was not born until November 1900, this 1-year-old boy couldn't be him.

I recently found the New Jersey index to records of births, marriages, and deaths, 1848-1900 online at FamilySearch.org and I think I have partially solved this mystery. (Note that you do need to be at a Family History Center to view the images for births and deaths.)

DNA ~ Grandparents and Grandsons

Earlier this year, both of my sons agreed to having their DNA tested. Because my autosomal DNA is primarily British Isles with a little bit of Scandinavia and West and Central Europe, and my husband's DNA is about 96% Ashkenazi, it makes it interesting to view our children's admixture (or ethnicity) results.

I always like to make it clear that with ethnicity results that they are estimates and can vary dramatically depending on the reference populations that the DNA is compared with, as well as the regional definitions used by the DNA testing companies.

In fact, where the majority of my DNA is British Isles with 8% West and Central Europe (according to FamilyTreeDNA), Son#1 shows 48% of West and Central Europe and no British Isles. Son#2 shows 43% West and Central Europe and 11% British Isles. Neither show Scandinavia. (This may have to do with the fact that my first DNA test was with AncestryDNA (in November 2011) and I transferred the raw data to FTDNA, and my sons tested directly with FTDNA.)

Because I have tested three of their four grandparents (my father, who would have been fascinated with all of this, died in 1993), I was able to determine how much DNA each son inherited from each grandparent. (See my parents-in-law ethnicity results as of April 2016 at One Jewish Family's DNA Ethnicity Results; since then, they have changed slightly as FTDNA has updated their database.)